When it comes to exploiting new internal energy sources, shale and other forms of “unconventional” gas hold considerable promise – and could be a further way for central and eastern European countries to reduce their reliance on Russia. But progress has been limited, partly because of the controversy over the hydraulic fracturing (fracking) technology used to extract shale gas.
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Several central and eastern European countries, including Bulgaria, have followed France in banning or limiting fracking. Poland is determined to exploit its shale gas resources, while Ukraine this year signed a significant shale gas contract with Royal Dutch Shell.